Tenses
1. Present Simple
The function: 
1.	To talk about something that is true in the present.
2.	To talk about things that are always true.
3.	To talk about things that happen as a routine in the present.
4.	To talk about scheduled or fixed events in the future.
5.	To describe something that always happens after a certain action or event expressed by if-clause type Zero.
6.	To talk about future situations expressed by if-clause type One.
Type zero: If+ S + present simple…., S + present simple….
Type one: If+ S + present simple…., S + will+ Base….
Form:
Affirmative:
 We, You , they, I   +   V. inf ……..
He , she, it   +    V. inf+ s/es………
In case of a verb ending in [ o, x, s, sh, ch, z] we must use –es at the end of the verb. 
Negative:
We, You , they, I   +   do not + V. inf ……..
He , she, it   +    does not + V. inf ……..
Question:
Do +   We, You , they, I   + V. inf ……..?
Does +    He , she, it   + V. inf ……..?
Key words:
Adverbs of frequency :	always ,often ,usually ,sometimes ,normally ,generally ,never ,seldom, rarely ,occasionally , regularly , frequently ,continually ,constantly, hardly ever ,
•	Every day, every week, every month, every year, every morning, every summer, every night…etc.
•	Daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, hourly. Once a day, twice a day, three times a week, five times a day

Correct the form of the verbs:
1.	Water ……………..at 100 degree. (boil )
2.	They………………..playing chess. (not / like )
3.	My father sometimes ……………. me with him. (take )
4.	People………………..at night. (sleep )
5.	I always………………. at night. (  study  )
6.	She……………………drinking coffee. ( not /  like)
7.	ش

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A: Nawal writes her homework. 
B: The match starts at 9 p.m. 
Which sentence indicates scheduled or fixed events in the future?

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Nawal draws her own paintings in a hall.
What is the function of the present simple in the previous sentence?  

2. Present Continuous
The function: 
1.	 To talk about something that is happening at the moment of speaking.
2.	 To describe something temporary.
3.	 For actions that happen repeatedly in the present. We use it with always.
4.	 To talk about the future, where something has been planned.
Form:
Affirmative:
I                       + am 
He, she, it        + is      + V-ing 
We, they, you  + are  
Negative:
I                       + am 
He, she, it        + is      + V-ing 
We, they, you  + are  
Question:
Am           +     I
Is              +     He, she, it        + V-ing……? 
Are           +    We, they, you  

Key words:
Now, at the moment, right now, look! , Listen! Can’t you see? Can’t you hear? Can’t you smell? , Be quiet! , Hurry up, be careful!  nowadays ,these days ,this week ,this month ,this  year, today ,tonight ,at present, today, tonight, tomorrow, next + time ( day, month,…..) , soon

Correct the form of the verbs:
1.	The river ……................……(flow) very fast today – much faster than usual.
2.	A: "……………………(you / listen) to the radio?" 
B: “No, you can turn it off." 
3.	How is your English? ……………………….better? (it / get)
4.	They ……….............................…. to Aqaba next Friday. ( leave)                                      

3. Present Perfect Simple
The function:
1. To talk about something that was true in the past and continues to be true in the present.
2. To discuss our experience up to the present.
3. To talk about an action that happened in the past but the consequences of which are important in the present. 
Form:
Affirmative:

have 
          + P.P. (V3) ………….       
has

      S + 

Negative: 

have 
         + not  + P.P. (V3) …….       
has

     S +

Question:

Have 
          +  S  + P.P. (V3) ……….?       
Has

 

 
Keywords:
since ,for , lately , recently , at last , in recent times , Have you heard?, never , so far ,till now , up to now , yet , before , in my life , already , just , almost , ever today, this week or this month.

Correct the form of the verbs:
1.	 I ………..him for three years. I wonder where he is. (not see) 
2.	He ………..for two weeks. He is trying to give it up. ( not smoke) 
3.	I can't go out because I ………….my work. (not finish)
4.	-I ……..never……coffee. (drink)   -Well, have some now. 
5.	I ………the letter but I cannot find a stamp. (write)
6.	Here are your shoes; I ……..just……them. (clean)
7.	The play ……..just……….. You are a little late. (begin) 
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A: Nawal has written a book about Jordan history.
B: Nawal has been writing a book about Jordan history.
Which sentence indicates that Nawal finished writing the book?

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Nawal has written a book about Jordan history.
What is the function of the present perfect in the previous sentence?  

4.  Present Perfect Continuous
The function:
1.	To talk about something that began in the past and continues in the present.
2.	 To talk about an action repeated many times from the past until the present.
3.	 To talk about a longer action recently finished the results of which are visible in the present.
e.g.
 I’ve been painting the house. That’s why I have some paint on my clothes.
4.	 When an action (still occurring in the present) started. We use it with since. 
Form:

have 
          + been  + V-ing  ……     
has

Affirmative:

      S + 

Negative: 

have 
         + not + been  + V-ing  …      
has

     S +

Question:

Have 
          +  S  + been + V-ing ……….?       
Has

 

Correct the form of the verbs:
1.	He…………. That is why he looks so tired. (overwork).
2.	A- There is sawdust in your hair.  
B - I'm not surprised. I……… …. down a tree. (cut)
3.	Have you seen my bag anywhere? I ………….for it for ages. (look)
4.	A- What ……….you…………? (do) 
B- I………. in the laboratory. (work)
5.	He ………..Russian for two years and doesn't even know the alphabet yet. (study)
6.	A- How long ………you ……….for me? (wait)  
B- I …………..about half an hour. (wait)
7.	It …………for two days now. There'll be a flood soon. (rain)
8.	We …………about this for two hours now. Perhaps we should stop! (argue)
9.	I………. That's why my hair is all wet. (bathe)
10.	You ……….all day. Let me drive now. (drive)
11.	How long ……..you …………..glasses? (wear)

A: Ali has lived in Amman for three years.
B: Ali has been living in Amman for three years.
Which sentence indicates that Ali still lives in Amman?

I’ve been painting the house. That’s why I have some paint on my clothes.
What is the function of the present perfect continuous in the previous sentence? 

5. Past Simple
The function: 
1.	 To talk about something that started and finished in the past.
2.	 To describe a routine in the past.
3.	 To talk about something that was true for an extended period of time in the past. In this case, we use it with a time phrase.
4.	To talk about a hypothetical or improbable situation expressed by if-clause type if-clause type two. 
Type two: If + S + Past simple …., S + would + Base ….

Form:
Affirmative: 
S + V2 ………..
Negative:
	S + did not + V1 (inf) …………
Question:
	Did + S + V1 (inf) …………?
Keywords: 
last year ,last month ,last week ,last Summer ,last night….etc.
a week ago ,two days ago ,a few months ago…etc.
yesterday ,yesterday morning ,yesterday evening etc.
     In the past , once , in 1998, when I was a child , when I was 7 years old, before a week
Correct the form of the verbs:
1.	The boy …………home two weeks ago. (leave)
2.	When I was ten years old, I ………..a computer. (buy)
3.	The builder …………his lunch before an hour. (not-eat)

6. Past Continuous
The function:
1. To talk about something which was happening before and after another action in the past.
2. To show that something happened for a long time in the past.
Form:
Affirmative:
 Plural, We, You , they,   +   were + V-ing ……..
Singular, I, He , she, it   was+ V-ing ………
Negative:
Plural, We, You , they,   +   were  not + V-ing ……..
Singular, I, He , she, it   was  not + V-ing ………
Question:
Were  +   Plural, We, You , they,   + V-ing ……..?
Does +  Singular, I,  He , she, it   + V-ing ……..?
Key words :
{while / when / as / At this time last week, this time last year ….etc. / at 5 o’clock yesterday morning ,at 8o’clock this morning /   from 6 o’clock to 8 o’clock yesterday evening ....................................}
When + simple past, past continuous
Past continuous + when + simple past
While / as + past continuous, Simple past
 Simple past + While / as + past continuous
e.g.
While I was eating my lunch the telephone rang.
When he came to home I was reading the book  

Correct the form of the verbs:
1-The telephone rang while he…………………….………………..a bath. ( have )
2-It began to rain while I ………………………………….in the park. ( walk)
3-While she………………………..………the ladder, she slipped off. (climb)
4-When he reached his office, the workers…………………………for him.( wait)
5-The police caught him while he………………………..…….the car. (open

7. Past Perfect Simple
The function: 
1.	To talk about actions that happened before a specific moment in the past.
Form:
Affirmative: 
S + had+V3 ………..
Negative:
	S + had not + V3 …………
Question:
	Had + S + V3 …………?
Key words: 

Past simple 

Past perfect 

after , before , when , by the time, by 1990
After 
Because                     

Past perfect 

Past simple 

Before
When 
 By 

Past simple 

Past perfect 

After 
Because

Past simple 

Past perfect 

Before
When 
By 
So 

e.g.
The guests had left before I got home.
I traveled to Dubai after I had got the visa.
She felt better after she had taken the medicine.
By1980, I had graduated from school. 
Correct the form of the verbs:
2.	After they ……………..work, they went home. (finish)
3.	My father ………….. last year, he had worked for 25 years. (retire)
4.	Ali …..…………..himself before he met with us. (prepare)
5.	When I reached home, I found that everyone……………to sleep. (go)
6.	I couldn't play because I …………..my leg. (break)
7.	The teacher got angry of Ali because he...............................to do his homework. (forget)
8.	I went to bed after I………………………friend. ( phone)

Future with will
The function:
●	To talk about the future if we are predicting it without evidence. 
●	To express spontaneous decisions. 

Form:        
Affirmative:
S +     will	+	inf………

Negative:
S +   will not	    +	inf………

Question:

Will +	  S   +  inf………?
Keywords :
     -Tomorrow , next …. , soon , shortly , in 2018 , in the future , (2weeks from now)
perhaps, probably , maybe, I think , I hope. 

Correct the form of the verbs:
•	Some journalists ------------- this incident in next week's magazine .(report)
•	The result of the exams ------------- announced a few weeks from now.(be)
•	I ------------- my house tomorrow .(paint)
•	When ------------ you ------------- to America next month? (travel)

Future with going to
The function:
•	Future plans. It does not have to be for the near future.

•	Predictions that are infd on evidence.

Form:        

am
is
are 

Affirmative:

S +                 +   going to	+	inf………

Negative:

am
is
are 

S +   not      +    going to	+   inf………

Question:

Am
Is
Are 

                 
+ S +   going to	+	inf………?

Correct the form of the verbs:
Habib: I have decided to plan my future. I (1) ______ (make) my decisions for next year.
Hamzah: Really! What are you going to do?
Habib: I am going to be a computer specialist, so, I (2) ______ (begin) by taking maths seriously. My maths teacher thinks it’s a good idea. He told me that he (3) ______( give) me extra lessons so that I can pass the entrance exam at university.
Hamzah: What (4) ______ you ______ (do) about those video games you like so much?
Habib: I (5) ______ (play) any more video games until I get my degree at university. Then, I (6) ______ (apply) for a position at one of the largest technology companies.
Hamzah: Well, good luck to you! I still don’t know what I am going to be.

Catenative verbs
1. Verbs followed only by the –ing from of other verbs.                        
1- avoid	يتجنب 	10- defer	يؤجل 	19- escape	يتهرب 	
2- dislike	يكره 	11- enjoy	يستمتع 	20- include	يتضمن 	
3- favor	يفضل	12- finish	ينهي	21- practise	يمارس 	
4- mind	يمانع 	13- miss	يفتقد	22- go on	يواصل 	
5- suggest	يقترح 	14- carry on	يستمر	23- smell	يشم	
6- give up	يتوقف عن 	15- find	يجد	24- keep     	يواصل	
7- hate	يكره	16- admit	يعترف	25- put off	يؤجل	
8- adore	يعشق	17- stand	يتحمل	26- recommend	يوصي	
9- mention	يذكر	18- deny	يؤجل 	27- consider 	يفكر	
e.g.
1.	They finished painting the house.
2.	Would you mind closing the window?
3.	He has given up smoking recently.
4.	We have finished feeding the birds. 

2- Verbs followed by to +infinitive only.  
1.	agree	يوافق	2.	hope	يأمل	3.	ask	يطلب	
4.	aim	يهدف	5.	learn	يتعلم	6.	long	يرغب	
7.	attempt	يحاول	8.	offer	يعرض	9.	tell	يخبر	
10.	choose	يختار	11.	manage	يتمكن	12.	allow	يسمح	
13.	decide	يقرر	14.	mean	يقصد	15.	encourage	يشجع	
16.	arrange	يرتب	17.	plan	يخطط	18.	order	يأمر	
19.	demand	يطالب	20.	promise	يعد	21.	cause	يسبب	
22.	determine	يصمم	23.	refuse	يرفض	24.	persuade	يقنع	
25.	expect	يتوقع	26.	threaten	يهدد	27.	advise	ينصح	
28.	fail	يخفق	29.	want	يريد	30.	wish	يتمنى	
31.	afford	يقدر	32.	need	يحتاج	33.	help	يساعد	
34.	start	يبدأ	35.	continue	يستمر	36.	would like	يفضل	
37.	forget	ينسى	38.	prepare	يحضر	39.	seem	يبدو	
e.g.
1.	Khaled decided to find a new job.
2.	They started to paint the house.
3.	I would like to visit Mecca.

3- Verbs followed by either to + infinitive or the- ing form:

1- begin	يبدأ	6-love	يحب	11-stop	يتوقف	
2-like	يحب	7-remember	يتذكر	12-forget	ينسى	
3- regret	يندم	8-intend	ينوي	13- hate	يكره	
4- try	يحاول	9-continue 	يستمر 			
5-start	يبدأ 	10-prefer	يفضل 			

1.	He began to walk.   
2.	He began walking.  
3.	She continued to work.
4.	She continued working. 
5.	I like swimming.
6.	I like to swim. 
7.	
NOTE:
•	remember  + to +infinitive  = remember what one has to do.
remember  + V-ing = remember what one has done.
•	Try  + to + infinitive = make an effort.
Try  + V-ing = make an experiment.-
•	stop  + to + infinitive  = stop in order to do something.
stop  + V-ing = give up doing something

Correct the form of the verbs:
1.	He admitted ……….....................…(cheat) on the test.
2.	She avoided……..................…….(talk) to me.
3.	He can't stand……......................….(wait) for someone for a long time.
4.	My father considered …...................……..(move) to Al-Karak.
5.	The teacher asked Sami to stop, but he continued ...........………(speak) with his friend.
6.	My grandfather kept……...................................…(talk) about his life.
7.	We expect Ali………..............................…(arrive) next Monday.
8.	Maha chose………...............................…(leave) the country.
9.	The man failed……............……(explain) how he got the stolen car.
10.	The poor man can't afford……….................…(eat) in a restaurant every day.

SB. P7  Ex. 6

Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
People (1) ______ (use) smartphones since they (2) ______  (invent) in the early 2000s. During the early 2000s, people (3) ______ (buy) phones in different colours and different designs. In 2010 CE, the first tablet computer (4) ______  (produce). By the end of 2010 CE, companies (5) ______  (sell) more smartphones than PCs for the first time. Now, about one billion smartphones (6) ______ (sell) around the world each year. In the near future, it (7) ______ (estimate) that over 40% of the population in Jordan will have a smartphone. It is probable that this market (8) ______  (expand) in the future. At the moment, people aged 16–30 (9) ______  (buy) the most smartphones, but experts say there (10) ______ (be) a growth in the number of older people buying smartphones in the future.

AB. P7  Ex. 5

Choose the correct form of the verbs below.
1 Children often use / are using computers better than their parents.
2 If you will play / play computer games all day, you won’t have time to study.
3 I want to get / getting a tablet, but I can’t afford to buy / buying one at the moment.
4 Look at the black sky! It’s raining / going to rain soon!
5 I’m coming / come from Ajloun, but I’m staying / stay in Irbid for a few months. I will return to Ajloun in the spring.
6 Nadia has been doing / done her homework for two hours! She is / will be finished very soon.
7 If Ali had / has his own computer, he wouldn’t / doesn’t need to use his friend’s computer.
8 I was writing / wrote an email when my laptop was switching / switched itself off.